This Forbes Insights article examines why many enterprise modernization efforts fail despite significant investment. It argues that modernization should not be treated as a purely technical upgrade, but as a holistic transformation spanning technology, people and processes. Using the concept of “fitness for purpose,” the article emphasizes aligning modernization initiatives with business outcomes, clear priorities and a shared North Star. It highlights common pitfalls such as replacing legacy systems without changing operating models, skills or decision-making structures. The piece underscores the importance of trade-off clarity, stakeholder alignment and evolutionary architecture to achieve sustainable modernization and long-term business impact.

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