IoT device security requires a lifecycle approach that assumes devices are long-lived, widely distributed, and often poorly monitored. Core best practices include security by design, eliminating default credentials, assigning unique device identities, and using certificate-based authentication. Devices should support secure boot, signed and encrypted OTA updates, and TLS encryption for data in transit and at rest. At the network level, organizations should isolate IoT devices through segmentation, restrict access using least privilege, and monitor behavior for anomalies. Effective programs also maintain real-time asset visibility, continuous patching, incident isolation procedures, and secure decommissioning. Strong vendor oversight, backend access controls, and clear ownership are essenti

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