Privileged Access Management (PAM) has evolved from vaulting and rotating credentials to addressing modern challenges in cloud and operational technology environments. With identities growing 240% annually and privilege expanding across cloud users, developers, vendors, and machine accounts, Zero Standing Privileges and just-in-time access are critical to reducing risk without slowing innovation. In OT, connected devices and outdated systems expose critical infrastructure to ransomware and identity-based threats, making credential vaulting, session monitoring, and regulatory alignment essential. Today’s PAM programs must balance proven fundamentals with intelligent privilege controls to secure all identities.

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