Artificial intelligence has evolved through several key eras, starting with the symbolic phase from the 1950s to 1970s, which focused on rule-based systems and early experimentation. In the 1980s and 1990s, the field shifted to neural networks, highlighted by advancements such as backpropagation and the rise of expert systems that demonstrated practical business applications, though this period also experienced a decline due to high costs and unmet expectations. Key milestones like IBM’s Deep Blue defeating chess champion Garry Kasparov showcased AI’s growing capabilities. In recent years, AI has entered a new phase marked by democratization and the rise of agentic systems, which can act autonomously and interact across environments, transforming industries and everyday technology use.

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