Europe’s Clean Fuel Dilemma examines the challenge facing the energy transition as regulators have successfully created demand for clean fuels through policies such as RED III, ReFuelEU Aviation, and FuelEU Maritime, but profitability remains uncertain. While mandated volumes provide a clear pathway for adoption, the industry must determine whether production, distribution, and investment can generate sustainable returns. Drawing on experience across refining, trading, chemicals, LNG, and energy infrastructure, the report highlights how markets often underestimate the complexity of value creation and capture during major transitions. Success depends not only on regulatory support but also on feedstock availability, technology maturity, supply chain development, capital investment, and mark

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