This report examines how COVID-19 vaccines were developed in record time, identifying the operational, organizational, and regulatory changes that enabled acceleration. It highlights the role of public-private funding, trial concurrency, adaptive trial designs, and digital tools. The analysis shows that nearly half of the time savings came from compressed trial execution, with the remainder driven by eliminating delays between phases. The report outlines which innovations—such as remote monitoring and streamlined governance—can be carried forward into future clinical development. It concludes that sustained investment and collaboration are essential to replicate these efficiencies post-pandemic.

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