This report reviews how vaccine administration in the U.S. has evolved across provider settings, patient populations, and delivery models. It highlights the growing role of pharmacies and retail clinics in expanding access, particularly for adult vaccinations, alongside persistent gaps in coverage. The analysis shows how policy changes, reimbursement models, and convenience influence uptake. It also examines disruptions caused by COVID-19 and their lasting impact on routine immunization patterns. The report emphasizes the importance of integrated data systems, expanded provider authority, and targeted outreach to improve vaccination rates and public health resilience.

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