Card testing occurs when fraudsters use large batches of stolen credit card data from breaches or phishing attacks and run small or zero‑dollar transactions to identify active cards. These tests are designed to slip under the radar but serve as a crucial first step before larger fraudulent purchases. Though the initial activity seems minor, it signals that stolen data is in circulation and that more serious fraud is likely to follow. Early detection is essential because even low‑value test attempts can lead to operational strain, financial losses, and broader security risks.

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