The paper explains that cloud migration expands attack surfaces and weakens traditional perimeter security, making strong data protection essential. It emphasizes securing data at rest, in transit and in use, while applying separation of duties so storage providers cannot access encryption keys. Pages 10 to 14 outline options from default CSP encryption to BYOK, HYOK and full BYOE, showing how customer controlled keys strengthen compliance, sovereignty and risk management. Strong entropy, hardware roots of trust, HSMs, cloud HSMs and confidential computing further enhance key security and ensure trustworthy cryptographic operations.

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