This white paper examines the evolving cybersecurity landscape for rail systems as digital transformation increases exposure to IT/OT threats. It highlights risks from legacy systems, regulatory complexity, interoperability challenges, supply chain vulnerabilities, and emerging technologies such as AI and quantum computing. The paper presents a defense-in-depth strategy spanning risk identification, protection, anomaly detection, response, and recovery. Built-in secure-by-design architectures, compliance with international standards, lifecycle services, and structured incident management frameworks are emphasized to ensure operational continuity and public safety.

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