This white paper provides a comprehensive overview of Hong Kong’s Protection of Critical Infrastructures (Computer Systems) Ordinance and its implications for organizations operating essential services. It explains the scope of the legislation, affected sectors, compliance timelines, and penalties, emphasizing the shift from voluntary cybersecurity practices to mandatory, enforceable obligations. The document breaks down the bill’s three divisions—local operational accountability, threat prevention and system resilience, and incident reporting and response—and details the specific requirements for each. It positions identity security as central to compliance, highlighting the need for least privilege, continuous monitoring, audit readiness, and rapid incident response. The paper concludes

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