This white paper explores the growing cybersecurity risks in IoT and OT environments, where devices were not designed with security in mind and operate with limited resources, making traditional protection methods ineffective. As the attack surface expands, the industry has relied on indirect monitoring—observing external behavior or querying devices—which leaves systems vulnerable to sophisticated malware that can mimic normal activity or hide infections. The paper challenges this assumption by introducing Crytica’s lightweight, embedded probe (around 70KB) that can run directly inside devices without performance impact, enabling real-time, internal monitoring. Instead of relying on known signatures, the approach detects any unauthorized change to a device’s instruction set, allowing even

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