Manufacturing faces rising breaches driven by IT and OT convergence, phishing and credential compromise, with more than half of critical infrastructure attacks starting with stolen identities. As smart factory systems expand, poorly protected OT devices, legacy protocols and limited monitoring increase exposure. Governments now mandate zero trust, MFA and stronger controls. The paper shows how IAM, especially phishing resistant MFA and unified access management across IT and OT, reduces lateral movement and operational disruption while improving regulatory compliance and resilience.

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