This paper assesses progress across eight hard-to-abate sectors—aviation, shipping, trucking, steel, cement, aluminium, chemicals, and oil and gas—and argues that the transition has entered a decisive execution phase. The key message is that technology is no longer the main barrier; the challenge is synchronizing policy, demand, capital, infrastructure, and project economics so proven solutions can scale. Roughly half of industrial emissions can already be reduced with mature technologies, but hydrogen, carbon capture, and other solutions still struggle to reach final investment decision. The report highlights fragmented policy, thin low-carbon demand, strained grid and transport infrastructure, and concentrated capital flows as the main constraints. It recommends creating demand certainty

Join for free to read